INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect speech, also called reported
speech or indirect discourse, is a means
of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly
as is done in direct
speech.
For example, He said "I'm
coming" is direct
speech, whereas He said (that)
he was coming is indirect
speech. Indirect speech should not be confused with indirect
speech acts.
A. Simple
Present tenses
Although Present means now but should not be construed that the act was
done at this time. This tense is used to express
something that is permanent, custom or ultimate truth. Because
often about events in the past the, present, and future, these tenses have at
least a certain time information.
English
sentences generally must have subject (s) and a predicate (p). Therefore
all tenses will dipormulasi like it.
The formula:
+) Subject + verb to be + I + Main verb
+) Subject + Verbi + (s / es)
The formula:
+) Subject + verb to be + I + Main verb
+) Subject + Verbi + (s / es)
Ø Example:
* He is handsome
(He handsome)
* Is he handsome?
(If he handsome?)
* He is not handsome
(She was not looking)
Simple Present Tense is used when:
• It happened general, or
• Happens all the time, or the habits of the past, present and future, or
• It was not just happening now, or
• Inter general truth, that others can not deny longer be true.
* He is handsome
(He handsome)
* Is he handsome?
(If he handsome?)
* He is not handsome
(She was not looking)
Simple Present Tense is used when:
• It happened general, or
• Happens all the time, or the habits of the past, present and future, or
• It was not just happening now, or
• Inter general truth, that others can not deny longer be true.
B. Present
Continuous Tense
This tense
is used to express an action that is really being done today. Sentences
in these tenses more frequently used than the present tenses.
The
formula:
subject + to be (is, am, are) + verb + ing
This tense is used to describe:
• Events that are happening now, or
• The event will happen in the future
subject + to be (is, am, are) + verb + ing
This tense is used to describe:
• Events that are happening now, or
• The event will happen in the future
Ø Example:
+) She is cooking in the kitchen.
(She was cooking in the kitchen)
-) She is not cooking in the kitchen
(She's not cooking in the kitchen)
?) Is she cooking in the kitchen?
(Does she was cooking in the kitchen?)
+) She is cooking in the kitchen.
(She was cooking in the kitchen)
-) She is not cooking in the kitchen
(She's not cooking in the kitchen)
?) Is she cooking in the kitchen?
(Does she was cooking in the kitchen?)
C. Present
Perfect Tense
The
formula:
subject + have + past participle (Verb Forms 3rd)
Tense is used to:
• Experience
• Change
• The ongoing situation
Or to show an event that is completed in a short time (just finished)
subject + have + past participle (Verb Forms 3rd)
Tense is used to:
• Experience
• Change
• The ongoing situation
Or to show an event that is completed in a short time (just finished)
Ø Example:
+) They have met me
(They had met me)
?) They have met me?
(Whether they've met me?
-) They have not met me
(They do not see me)
+) They have met me
(They had met me)
?) They have met me?
(Whether they've met me?
-) They have not met me
(They do not see me)
D. Present
Perfect Continuous Tense
The
formula:
subject + have / has + been + K.Kerja + ing
We use this tense to describe:
• One event / activity that just took place
• One act that lasted until now (at the time still talk occurs)
subject + have / has + been + K.Kerja + ing
We use this tense to describe:
• One event / activity that just took place
• One act that lasted until now (at the time still talk occurs)
Ø Example:
+) They have been playing football
(They had been playing football)
-) They have not been playing football
(Merka was not playing football)
?) They have been playing football?
(Do they see themselves been playing football?)
+) They have been playing football
(They had been playing football)
-) They have not been playing football
(Merka was not playing football)
?) They have been playing football?
(Do they see themselves been playing football?)
E. Simple
Past Tense
Positive
Sentences formula:
subject to + Verb Forms - 2
Negative Sentences formula:
subject + did + not + Verb Forms to - 1
Sentence formula Q:
Did + subject + Verb Forms to - 1
Exception: When the predicate of a sentence is not a verb, then substitute the verb is was (I, she, he, it) and were (we, you, they).
subject to + Verb Forms - 2
Negative Sentences formula:
subject + did + not + Verb Forms to - 1
Sentence formula Q:
Did + subject + Verb Forms to - 1
Exception: When the predicate of a sentence is not a verb, then substitute the verb is was (I, she, he, it) and were (we, you, they).
Ø When do we use the Simple Past Tense?
We use this tense to talk about an action that occurred in the past.
We use this tense to talk about an action that occurred in the past.
Ø Example:
+) They were student last year
(Their students last year)
-) They were not a student last year
(They are not students of years ago)
?) Student they were last year?
(Whether they are students last year?)
+) They were student last year
(Their students last year)
-) They were not a student last year
(They are not students of years ago)
?) Student they were last year?
(Whether they are students last year?)
F. Past
Continuous Tense
Ø The formula:
subject + was, were + Verb + ing
When do we use this tense?
This tense describes an action or event at a specific time in the past.
subject + was, were + Verb + ing
When do we use this tense?
This tense describes an action or event at a specific time in the past.
Ø Example:
+) We were joking.
-) We were not joking
?) Were we joking?
+) We were joking.
-) We were not joking
?) Were we joking?
G . Past
perfect tense
It
is used to express an action which has occurred in past (usually, a long time
ago) and action which has occurred in past before another action in past.
For example,
I had lived in America. (The sense of time in this sentence refers to a completed action in past and especially a long time ago).
I had lived in America. (The sense of time in this sentence refers to a completed action in past and especially a long time ago).
Structure of sentence.
Positive
sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object
• Subject + had + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Examples.
He had taken the exam last year
A thief had stolen my watch.
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object
• Subject + had + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Examples.
He had taken the exam last year
A thief had stolen my watch.
Negative
sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + object
•Subject + had + not + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
“Not” is written after auxiliary verb in negative sentence.
Examples.
He had not taken the exam last year
A thief had not stolen my watch.
• Subject + auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + object
•Subject + had + not + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
“Not” is written after auxiliary verb in negative sentence.
Examples.
He had not taken the exam last year
A thief had not stolen my watch.
Interrogative
sentence
• Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (past participle) + object
• Had + subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had”
Examples.
Had he taken the exam last year
Had a thief stolen my watch?
• Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (past participle) + object
• Had + subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had”
Examples.
Had he taken the exam last year
Had a thief stolen my watch?
Positive
sentences
They had visited a doctor.
He had slept.
I had finished my work last year.
It had rained heavily last month.
The film had started before we reached cinema.
They had visited a doctor.
He had slept.
I had finished my work last year.
It had rained heavily last month.
The film had started before we reached cinema.
Negative
sentences
They had not visited a doctor.
He had not slept.
I had not finished my work last year.
It had not rained heavily last month.
The film had not started before we reached cinema.
They had not visited a doctor.
He had not slept.
I had not finished my work last year.
It had not rained heavily last month.
The film had not started before we reached cinema.
Interrogative
sentences
Had they visited a doctor?
Had he slept?
Had I finished my work last year?
Had it rained heavily last month?
Had the film started before we reached cinema.
Had they visited a doctor?
Had he slept?
Had I finished my work last year?
Had it rained heavily last month?
Had the film started before we reached cinema.
H . Past Perfect continuous tense
Structure of sentence.
Positive
Sentence.
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference
• Subject + had been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference
Examples.
I had been waiting for him for one hour.
She had been playing chess since 7 O’clock.
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference
• Subject + had been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference
Examples.
I had been waiting for him for one hour.
She had been playing chess since 7 O’clock.
Negative
Sentence.
• Subject +”Not” between the Auxiliary verbs + main verb (present participle) + Object + Time reference
• Subject + had not been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference
• Subject +”Not” between the Auxiliary verbs + main verb (present participle) + Object + Time reference
• Subject + had not been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference
To
make negative sentence, the word “not” is added inside auxiliary verb, so it
becomes “had not been”.
Examples.
I had not been waiting for him for one hour.
She had not been playing chess since 7 O’clock.
Examples.
I had not been waiting for him for one hour.
She had not been playing chess since 7 O’clock.
Interrogative
Sentence.
• Auxiliary verb+ Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object + time reference
• Had + Subject + been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time reference
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had” and auxiliary verb “been” is used after subject in sentence.
Examples.
Had I been waiting for him for one hour?
Had she been playing chess 7 O’clock?
• Auxiliary verb+ Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object + time reference
• Had + Subject + been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time reference
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “had” and auxiliary verb “been” is used after subject in sentence.
Examples.
Had I been waiting for him for one hour?
Had she been playing chess 7 O’clock?
I . Future simple tense
It
is used to express an action which has not occurred yet and will occur after
saying or in future. For example, “I will go to zoo tomorrow”, in this sentence
the person intend for tomorrow’s visit to zoo. In short, these sentences
express actions which will be done in future.
Structure of sentence
Positive sentence
• Subject +
auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
•Subject + will + (1st form of verb
or base form +ing) + object
Examples.
I
will buy a computer tomorrow.
They will come here.
Negative sentence
• Subject +
auxiliary verb+ not + main verb (present participle) + object
• Subject + will +not + (1st form of verb
or base form +ing) + object
To make negative sentence “not” is written after
auxiliary verb in sentence.
Examples.
I will not buy a computer tomorrow.
They will not come here.
Interrogative
sentence
• Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (present participle) + object
• Will + subject + (1st form of verb or base form +ing) + object
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will”
Examples.
Will I buy a computer tomorrow?
Will they come here?
• Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (present participle) + object
• Will + subject + (1st form of verb or base form +ing) + object
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will”
Examples.
Will I buy a computer tomorrow?
Will they come here?
Positive
sentences
He will start a business.
She will send me a letter.
I will give you a pen tomorrow
Students will take exams at the end of semester.
They will buy a new car.
The Pattern of exam will change next year.
He will start a business.
She will send me a letter.
I will give you a pen tomorrow
Students will take exams at the end of semester.
They will buy a new car.
The Pattern of exam will change next year.
Negative
sentences
He will not start a business.
She will not send me a letter.
I will not give you a pen tomorrow
Students will not take exams at the end of semester.
They will not buy a new car.
The pattern of exam will not change next year.
He will not start a business.
She will not send me a letter.
I will not give you a pen tomorrow
Students will not take exams at the end of semester.
They will not buy a new car.
The pattern of exam will not change next year.
Interrogative
sentences
Will he start a business?
Will she send me a letter?
Will I give you a pen tomorrow?
Will students take exams at the end of semester?
Will they buy a new car?
Will the Pattern of exam change next year?
Will he start a business?
Will she send me a letter?
Will I give you a pen tomorrow?
Will students take exams at the end of semester?
Will they buy a new car?
Will the Pattern of exam change next year?
J . Future Continuous tense
It
is used to express a continued or an ongoing action in future. For example, “I
will be waiting for you tomorrow”, it conveys ongoing nature of an action
(waiting) which will occur in future.
Structure of sentence
Positive sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
• Subject + will be+ 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object
Examples.
I will be waiting for you.
You will be feeling well tomorrow.
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
• Subject + will be+ 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object
Examples.
I will be waiting for you.
You will be feeling well tomorrow.
Negative sentence
Subject + not between auxiliary verbs+ not + main verb (present participle) + object
Subject + will not be + 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object
To make negative sentence “not” is written between auxiliary verbs “will and be” in sentence.
Examples.
I will not be waiting for you.
You will not be feeling well tomorrow.
Subject + not between auxiliary verbs+ not + main verb (present participle) + object
Subject + will not be + 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object
To make negative sentence “not” is written between auxiliary verbs “will and be” in sentence.
Examples.
I will not be waiting for you.
You will not be feeling well tomorrow.
Interrogative
sentence
• Auxiliary verb + subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
• Will + subject + be+ 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” and auxiliary verb “be” comes after subject in interrogative sentence
• Auxiliary verb + subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object
• Will + subject + be+ 1st form of verb or base form+ing (present participle) + object
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” and auxiliary verb “be” comes after subject in interrogative sentence
Examples.
Will I be waiting for you?
Will you be feeling well tomorrow?
Will I be waiting for you?
Will you be feeling well tomorrow?
Positive sentences
We will be shifting to a new home next year.
He will be flying a kite.
It will be raining tomorrow.
She will be enjoying her vacations.
He will be expecting honesty from his employees.
She will be delivering a speech to people.
We will be shifting to a new home next year.
He will be flying a kite.
It will be raining tomorrow.
She will be enjoying her vacations.
He will be expecting honesty from his employees.
She will be delivering a speech to people.
Negative sentences
We will not be shifting to a new home next year.
He will not be flying a kite.
It will not be raining tomorrow.
She will not be enjoying her vacations.
He will not be expecting honesty from his employees.
She will not be delivering a speech to people.
We will not be shifting to a new home next year.
He will not be flying a kite.
It will not be raining tomorrow.
She will not be enjoying her vacations.
He will not be expecting honesty from his employees.
She will not be delivering a speech to people.
Interrogative
sentence
Will we be shifting to a new home next year?
Will he be flying a kite?
Will it be raining tomorrow?
Will she be enjoying her vacations?
Will he be expecting honesty from his employees?
Will she be delivering a speech to people?
Will we be shifting to a new home next year?
Will he be flying a kite?
Will it be raining tomorrow?
Will she be enjoying her vacations?
Will he be expecting honesty from his employees?
Will she be delivering a speech to people?
K. Future Perfect tense
It is used to express an action which will occur in future and is
thought to be completed in future. It expresses a sense of completion of an
action which will occur in future. For example, “John will have gone tomorrow”.
It shows a sense of completion of an action (go) which will occur in future
(tomorrow).
Structure of sentence
Positive sentence
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object
• Subject + will have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Examples
She will have finished the work by Wednesday.
I will have left for home by the time he gets up.
You will have started a job.
• Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object
• Subject + will have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Examples
She will have finished the work by Wednesday.
I will have left for home by the time he gets up.
You will have started a job.
Negative sentence
• Subject + Not between auxiliary verbs + main verb (past participle) + object
• Subject + will not have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Examples
She will have finished the work by Wednesday.
I will have left for home by the time he gets up.
You will not have started a job.
Interrogative
sentence
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object
• Will + Subject +have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Examples
Will she have finished the work by Wednesday?
Will I have left for home by the time he gets up?
Will you have started a job?
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + object
• Will + Subject +have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + object
Examples
Will she have finished the work by Wednesday?
Will I have left for home by the time he gets up?
Will you have started a job?
Positive sentences
He
will have finished his work.
You will have made a new chair.
She will have decorated her home.
You will have made a new chair.
She will have decorated her home.
I
will have bought a computer.
They will have shifted to a new home.
Students will have passed the examination.
They will have shifted to a new home.
Students will have passed the examination.
Negative sentences
He
will not have finished his work.
You will not have made a new chair.
She will not have decorated her home.
I will not have bought a computer.
They will not have shifted to a new home.
Students will not have passed the examination.
You will not have made a new chair.
She will not have decorated her home.
I will not have bought a computer.
They will not have shifted to a new home.
Students will not have passed the examination.
Interrogative
sentences
Will he have finished his work?
Will you have made a new chair?
Will she have decorated her home?
Will I have bought a computer?
Will they have shifted to a new home?
Will students have passed the examination?
Will he have finished his work?
Will you have made a new chair?
Will she have decorated her home?
Will I have bought a computer?
Will they have shifted to a new home?
Will students have passed the examination?
L . Future Perfect Continuous tense
It is used to express a continued or ongoing action that will
start in future and is thought to be continued till sometime in future.
(Remember, an ongoing action in future which will continue till some time in
future). There will be a time reference, such as “since 1980, for three hours”
from which the action will start in future and will continue. A sense of time
reference is found which gives an idea that action will start at some time in
future and will continue for some time. Such time reference or sense of
time reference is the identity of Future perfect continuous tense because it
tells that action will start at a particular time in future. For example, “He
will have been studying in this school since 2005”, so the it means that he
will start studying in this school in 2005 and will study in this school till
sometime in future.
Structure of sentence.
Positive Sentence.
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference
•Subject + will have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference
Examples.
I will have been waiting for him for one hour.
She will have been playing football since 2015.
• Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (Present participle) + Object + Time reference
•Subject + will have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + time reference
Examples.
I will have been waiting for him for one hour.
She will have been playing football since 2015.
Negative Sentence.
• Subject +”Not” inside Auxiliary verbs + main verb (present participle) + Object + Time reference
• Subject + will not have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + Time reference
• Subject +”Not” inside Auxiliary verbs + main verb (present participle) + Object + Time reference
• Subject + will not have been + (1st form of verb or base verb + ing) + object + Time reference
To
make negative sentence, the word “not” is added inside auxiliary verb, so it
becomes “will not have been”.
Examples.
I will not have been waiting for him for one hour.
She will not have been playing football since 2015.
Examples.
I will not have been waiting for him for one hour.
She will not have been playing football since 2015.
Interrogative
Sentence.
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object + time reference
• Will + Subject + have been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time reference
• Auxiliary verb + Subject + auxiliary verb + main verb (present participle) + object + time reference
• Will + Subject + have been + (1st form of verb or base verb+ing) + object + time reference
Interrogative
sentence starts with auxiliary verb “will” and auxiliary verb “have been” is
used after subject in sentence.
Examples.
Will I have been waiting for him for one hour?
Will she have been playing football since 2015?
Examples.
Will I have been waiting for him for one hour?
Will she have been playing football since 2015?
Positive sentences
I will have been living in America since 2003.
He will have been playing cricket for two hours.
They will have been watching television since 6 O’clock.
She will been working in this office since 2007.
It will have been raining for three days.
I will have been living in America since 2003.
He will have been playing cricket for two hours.
They will have been watching television since 6 O’clock.
She will been working in this office since 2007.
It will have been raining for three days.
Negative sentences
I will not have been living in America since 2003.
He will not have been playing cricket for two hours.
They will not have been watching television since 6 O’clock?
She will have been working in this office since 2007.
It will not have been raining for three days.
I will not have been living in America since 2003.
He will not have been playing cricket for two hours.
They will not have been watching television since 6 O’clock?
She will have been working in this office since 2007.
It will not have been raining for three days.
Positive sentences
Will I have been living in America since 2003?
Will he have been playing cricket for two hours.
Will they have been watching television since 6 O’clock?
Will she have been working in this office since 2007?
Will it have been raining for three days?
Will I have been living in America since 2003?
Will he have been playing cricket for two hours.
Will they have been watching television since 6 O’clock?
Will she have been working in this office since 2007?
Will it have been raining for three days?
Indirect Speech for Interrogative (question) Sentence.
For
changing interrogative (question) sentence into indirect speech we have to
observe the nature of question and then change it into indirect speech
according to it rules for indirect speech. A question can be of two types. One
type which can be answered in only YES or NO and other type which needs a
little bit explanation for its answer and cannot be answered in only YES or NO.
Examples
Do you like music? (It can be answered in YES or NO)
How are you? (It cannot be answered in YES or NO but it needs a little bit explanation i.e, I am fine.)
Examples
Do you like music? (It can be answered in YES or NO)
How are you? (It cannot be answered in YES or NO but it needs a little bit explanation i.e, I am fine.)
Questions which can be answered in YES/NO.
To
change questions (which can be answered in yes or no) into indirect speech,
word “if” or “whether” is used before the question in indirect speech. Rules
for change in tense of question sentences are same as for change in normal
tenses in indirect speech but sentence will not start with the auxiliary verb
of the tense. The word “that” is not used between reporting verb and reported
speech as conjunction in indirect speech for question sentence. Question mark
is not used in indirect speech.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said to me, “do you like music?”
Indirect Speech: He asked me if I liked music. (Not, did I like music)
Or Indirect Speech: He asked me whether I liked music.
Direct speech: She said, “Will he participate in the quiz competition?”
Indirect Speech: She asked me if he would participate in quiz competition.
Direct speech: I said to him, “are you feeling well?”
Indirect Speech: I asked him if he was feeling well.
Direct speech: They said to me, “did u go to school?”
Indirect Speech: They asked me if I had gone to school.
Direct speech: He said to me, “Have you taken the breakfast?”
Indirect Speech: He asked me if I had taken the breakfast
Examples.
Direct speech: He said to me, “do you like music?”
Indirect Speech: He asked me if I liked music. (Not, did I like music)
Or Indirect Speech: He asked me whether I liked music.
Direct speech: She said, “Will he participate in the quiz competition?”
Indirect Speech: She asked me if he would participate in quiz competition.
Direct speech: I said to him, “are you feeling well?”
Indirect Speech: I asked him if he was feeling well.
Direct speech: They said to me, “did u go to school?”
Indirect Speech: They asked me if I had gone to school.
Direct speech: He said to me, “Have you taken the breakfast?”
Indirect Speech: He asked me if I had taken the breakfast
Question which cannot be answered in YES/NO.
To change such questions into indirect speech, the words “if” or “whether” is not used. The tense of the question is changed according to the rules for change in normal tenses in indirect speech but sentence will not start with the auxiliary verb of the tense. The word “that” is not used between reporting verb and reported speech as conjunction, in indirect speech for question sentence. Question mark is not used in indirect speech.
Examples.
Direct speech: He said to me, “how are you?”
Indirect speech: He asked me how I was. (Not, how was I)
Direct speech: Teacher said to him, “what is your name?”
Indirect speech: Teacher asked him what his name was.
Direct speech: She said to him, “why did you come late?”
Indirect speech: She asked him why he had come late.
Direct speech: He said, “when will they come?”
Indirect speech: He asked when they would come.
Direct speech: She asked his son, “why are you crying?”
Indirect speech: She asked her son why he was crying.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_speech http://www.studyandexam.com/future-perfect-continuous-tense.html http://www.studyandexam.com/indirect-speech-for-interrogative.html
